Recording Data: Tables & Graphs

When scientists run an experiment, they record what they observe so anyone can check the results. The two most useful tools for this are data tables and graphs. A table organizes the numbers neatly. A graph turns those numbers into a picture so trends jump out.

Building a Data Table

1. Give the table a clear title that says what was measured.
2. Label the columns — the first column is usually the independent variable, the next column is what you measured (the dependent variable).
3. Always include the unit in the column header (cm ≈ 0.4 in, g ≈ 0.035 oz, mL ≈ 0.034 fl oz, °C → °F, seconds).
4. Write each measurement on its own row, and keep the rows in order.

Choosing the Right Graph

• Bar graph — compare separate groups (e.g. plant height in 3 different soils).
• Line graph — show how something changes over time (e.g. temperature each hour).
• Pictograph — count items using a small picture for each unit.
• Every graph needs a title, two labeled axes, and a unit on each axis.

Reading a Graph

• Find the bar or point you want to read.
• Look across (or down) to the value axis to see the number.
• Always say the value with its unit — "12 cm" tells more than just "12".
• Compare bars or points to spot the largest, smallest, and any pattern.